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The Mamas & the Papas
The Mamas & the Papas were an American folk rock vocal group that recorded and performed from 1965 to 1968, reuniting briefly in 1971. They released five studio albums and seventeen singles, six of which made the top ten and sold close to 40 million records worldwide.〔("The Mamas and the Papas" ), Last.fm. Retrieved 3 May 2013.〕 The group was composed of John Phillips (1935–2001), Denny Doherty (1940–2007), Cass Elliot (1941–1974), and Michelle Phillips ''née'' Gilliam (b. 1944). Their sound was based on vocal harmonies arranged by John Phillips, the songwriter, musician, and leader of the group who adapted folk to the new beat style of the early sixties.
==Formation==
The group was formed by husband and wife John and Michelle Phillips, formerly of The New Journeymen, and Denny Doherty, formerly of The Mugwumps. Both of these earlier acts were folk groups active from 1964 to 1965. The last member to join was Cass Elliot, Doherty's bandmate in The Mugwumps, who had to overcome John Phillips' concern that her voice was too low for his arrangements, that her physical appearance would be an obstacle to the band's success, and that her temperament was incompatible with his.〔John Phillips with Jim Jerome, ''Papa John: An Autobiography'' (New York: Dolphin Books / Doubleday, 1986), p. 130.〕 The group considered calling itself The Magic Circle before switching to The Mamas and the Papas, apparently inspired by the Hells Angels, whose female associates were called "mamas".〔Denny Doherty, (''Dream a Little Dream of Me (the Nearly True Story of the Mamas and the Papas)'' ), Denny Doherty Website. Retrieved 1 May 2013.〕〔Michelle Phillips, ''California Dreamin': The True Story of the Mamas and the Papas'' (New York: Warner Books, 1986), pp. 72-73.〕〔John Phillips, ''Papa John'', p. 139.〕
The quartet spent the period from early spring to midsummer 1965 in the Virgin Islands "to rehearse and just put everything together", as John Phillips later recalled.〔Quoted in Matthew Greenwald, ''Go Where You Wanna Go: The Oral History of The Mamas and the Papas'' (New York: Cooper Square Press, 2002), p. 47. Doherty, John Phillips, and Michelle Phillips had discovered the islands on a ten-day holiday a little earlier, probably January 1965.〕 Phillips acknowledged that he was reluctant to abandon folk music.〔John Phillips, ''Papa John'', pp. 120-122.〕 Others have said he hung on to it "like death".〔Including Denny Doherty and guitarist Eric Hord. Both quoted in Greenwald, ''Go Where You Want to Go'', pp. 37, 45.〕 Roger McGuinn's more measured view is that "It was hard for John to break out of folk music, because I think he was real good at it, conservative, and successful, too."〔Quoted in Greenwald, ''Go Where You Wanna Go'', p. 27.〕 Phillips also acknowledged that it was Doherty and Elliot who awakened him to the potential of contemporary pop, as epitomized by the Beatles – the New Journeymen had played acoustic folk, with banjo; The Mugwumps played something closer to folk rock, with bass and drums.〔John Phillips, ''Papa John'', p. 127.〕〔Michelle Phillips, ''California Dreamin' '', p. 52-54.〕 Their rehearsals in the Virgin Islands were "the first time that we tried playing electric".〔John Phillips, ''Papa John'', p. 129.〕〔See also Fiegel, ''Dream a Little Dream'', p. 154.〕
The band then traveled from New York to Los Angeles for an audition with Lou Adler, co-owner of Dunhill Records. The audition was arranged by Barry McGuire, who had befriended Cass Elliot and John Phillips independently over the previous two years, and who had recently signed with Dunhill himself.〔Barry McGuire, quoted in Greenwald, ''Go Where You Wanna Go'', pp. 15-16.〕〔Eddi Fiegel, ''Dream a Little Dream of Me: The Life of Mama Cass Elliot'' (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 2005), p. 165.〕〔("Biography: Eve of Destruction" ), Barry McGuire Website. Retrieved 24 April 2013.〕 It led to "a deal in which they would record two albums a year for the next five years", with a royalty of 5 percent on 90 percent of retail sales.〔Fiegel, ''Dream a Little Dream of Me'', pp. 168-169.〕〔John Phillips, ''Papa John'', p. 138.〕 Dunhill also tied the band to management and publishing deals, creating an obvious conflict of interest, although the practice was not unusual at the time.〔Fiegel, ''Dream a Little Dream of Me'', p. 169.〕〔John Phillips, ''Papa John'', pp. 138, 142.〕 Cass Elliot's membership was not formalized until the paperwork was signed, with Adler, Michelle Phillips, and Doherty overruling John Phillips.〔Fiegel, ''Dream a Little Dream of Me'', pp. 164, 168.〕
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